{"id":12985,"date":"2026-01-27T09:29:49","date_gmt":"2026-01-27T08:29:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/?p=12985"},"modified":"2026-02-03T14:45:02","modified_gmt":"2026-02-03T13:45:02","slug":"facing-the-scale-through-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/en\/facing-the-scale-through-science\/","title":{"rendered":"A scientific approach to weight"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-13032\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-5-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-5-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-5-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-5-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-5-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-5-2048x1153.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/h3>\n<h3><strong><em>We ask the experts<\/em>, Guadalupe Sabio and Beatriz Cicu\u00e9ndez: How can we approach weight from a scientific view?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><b>new year<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has begun<\/span><b> and, with it, new (or renewed) resolutions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">. Perhaps to take up a new hobby? Join a gym? Go on a diet to lose a few kilos? In any case, it&#8217;s common for our weight to figure prominently in a lot of these proposals, as indeed it has in many headlines recently.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ozempic, Mounjaro, Wegovy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8230; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">The emergence of <\/span><b>new drugs that promise rapid, almost miraculous weight loss <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">has once again placed weight at the centre of social debate, from the press to social media and everyday conversations. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But<\/span> <b>what if we look beyond the number shown by the scales and take this issue to the lab?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">In this <\/span><b><i>Ask the Expert<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">, we propose shifting the focus from the urgent desire to lose weight to the need to understand the reasons for being overweight in the first place and its consequences as a complex health problem. To do so, we spoke with <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/caixaresearch.org\/en\/caixaresearch-health-call-projects-2024-heart-disease-therapy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Guadalupe Sabio<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">, an expert researcher in metabolism, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/becarios.fundacionlacaixa.org\/beatriz-cicuendez-salazar-B005598?nav=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Beatriz Cicu\u00e9ndez<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">, a doctoral student and &#8220;la Caixa&#8221; Foundation fellow. So what does science say about how to deal with weight problems? <\/span><b>And why are there no miracle solutions?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Let&#8217;s begin:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 300;\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<h3><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Guadalupe, Beatriz, at a time when <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2025\/jan\/18\/diagnosis-of-obesity-lancet-report?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">the use of bodyweight as a diagnostic tool is being questioned<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">, are scales really a good tool for detecting obesity?<\/span><\/i><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;It&#8217;s important to remember that obesity is really a <\/span><b>disease of the adipose tissue<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8221; explains Guadalupe, &#8220;and, as such, what matters is not only how much adipose tissue we have but also <\/span><b>its condition and how it functions: is it healthy or is it dysfunctional? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Focusing solely on the number recorded by scales means we&#8217;re only looking at the most superficial part of the problem&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13040\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13040\" class=\"wp-image-13040\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-7-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-7-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-7-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-7-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-7-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-7-2048x1152.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13040\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Guadalupe Sabio<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;Furthermore, <\/span><strong>body<\/strong><b>weight as data is incomplete<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8221; adds Beatriz. &#8220;We need more complex analyses to determine what proportion of the weight is muscle, bone or fat, and also <strong>what type of fat<\/strong>&#8220;.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 300;\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<h3><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">When we talk about bodyweight, which factors are often overlooked?<\/span><\/i><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;The focus tends to be on individual habits while fundamental biological aspects are ignored&#8221; Guadalupe points out. &#8220;For example, <\/span><b>adipose tissue is an organ<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">. And, like any other organ, it can become diseased and needs care. Its health is essential because <\/span><b>it regulates the metabolism of other organs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> and, when it&#8217;s altered, it can contribute to diseases such as diabetes and fatty liver, and even increase the risk of certain types of cancer. However, these mechanisms are rarely mentioned in public discourse&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;What&#8217;s more, there are also biological factors specific to each person&#8221; explains Beatriz. &#8220;<\/span><b>Your genetic predisposition, modulated by environmental factors or what we call epigenetics, plays a huge part.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> Likewise, each person has a different basal metabolic rate and this is also affected by hormonal changes, certain medications, sleep quality, stress and even our gut microbiota, which determines how we absorb and use energy.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 300;\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<h3><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Ozempic, Mounjaro, Wegovy&#8230; <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elperiodico.com\/es\/sanidad\/20240719\/testimonios-pacientes-farmacos-obesidad-ozempic-wegovy-mounjaro-105765762\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">New treatments based on GLP-1 agonists are becoming increasingly common.<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> But where do they come from and how do they work?<\/span><\/i><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;These drugs are based on molecules discovered whilst studying how organs communicate with each other&#8221; explains Guadalupe. &#8220;The gut, for example, sends signals to the brain to indicate satiety. One of these is <\/span><b>GLP-1, a protein that tells the brain to stop eating<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">In addition to reducing the appetite, GLP-1 also regulates the metabolism and insulin action in organs such as the liver. &#8220;Once this function was understood, the strategy adopted was <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to<\/span><b> modify this protein so it would last longer in the blood, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">thereby boosting its beneficial effects&#8221; she adds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 300;\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<h3><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Beatriz, why have these drugs roused so much interest in medical and social circles?<\/span><\/i><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;Finding effective drugs with acceptable side effects for a chronic disease such as obesity, which affects key organs such as the heart and liver, has been a major challenge&#8221; explains Beatriz. &#8220;What&#8217;s innovative about these drugs is that they take advantage of <\/span><b>a molecule that already exists in our body and acts naturally<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">. This improves their safety profile and <\/span><b>reduces the likelihood of serious adverse effects<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13036\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13036\" class=\"wp-image-13036\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-6-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-6-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-6-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-6-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-6-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-6-2048x1152.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13036\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Beatriz Cicu\u00e9ndez<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 300;\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<h3><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Even so, <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/elpais.com\/salud-y-bienestar\/2025-01-20\/descubierto-el-atlas-de-efectos-secundarios-positivos-y-negativos-del-ozempic.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">the first reports of their side effects on health<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> are already appearing. What risks are known so far and what questions remain unanswered?<\/span><\/i><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;The <\/span><b>most common side effects are gastrointestinal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">, such as nausea or digestive discomfort, especially at the beginning of the treatment&#8221; notes Beatriz. &#8220;Although they&#8217;re generally considered to be safe drugs, <\/span><b>we still need to determine some important facts, especially in relation to very long-term use<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">. Obesity is a chronic disease and that means prolonged treatment, so we need more data to fully understand their effects over time&#8221;.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;Another important aspect is that, in addition to losing fat, these drugs <\/span><b>can also cause muscle loss<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">. That&#8217;s why it&#8217;s essential to combine them with physical exercise to minimise this effect. We mustn&#8217;t forget that this is a medicine: <\/span><b>such drugs shouldn&#8217;t be taken lightly or used for merely aesthetic purposes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> but must always be supervised, weighing up the benefits against the possible side effects&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 300;\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<h3><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Apart from these types of treatments, are there alternative strategies to treat obesity?<\/span><\/i><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;Unlike white fat, which we all know and whose main function is to store energy, <\/span><b>brown fat has a different role: it generates heat through a process called thermogenesis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8221; says Beatriz. &#8220;Instead of accumulating calories, it &#8216;burns&#8217; them to maintain body temperature. Our research focuses on <\/span><b>how we can activate this brown fat to combat obesity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">So far<\/span><b>,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> we&#8217;ve identified <\/span><b>a protein, called MCJ, that acts as a &#8216;brake&#8217; on the mitochondria<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">, the energy engine for cells, in brown fat. By reducing or eliminating this protein in animal models, we&#8217;ve observed that brown fat is significantly activated. This not only helps to burn more energy and protects against weight gain, even with a high-fat diet, but also prevents the excessive accumulation of fat without affecting muscle mass&#8221; she explains.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13048\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13048\" class=\"wp-image-13048\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-9-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-9-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-9-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-9-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-9-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-9-2048x1153.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13048\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: electron microscopy of brown adipose tissue from a mouse lacking the MCJ protein, showing alterations in its mitochondria. Right: temperature difference in brown adipose tissue between a mouse lacking MCJ (sh MCJ) and a normal mouse (sh empty).<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">And the benefits don&#8217;t end there. &#8220;We&#8217;ve seen that the activation of brown fat reduces blood glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity and promotes a healthier cholesterol profile&#8221; adds Beatriz. &#8220;All this makes it <\/span><b>a promising strategy for treating obesity and associated diseases<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">, such as type 2 diabetes&#8221; she notes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Even so, the researcher emphasises that any intervention must take into account the complex role of adipose tissue in the body. &#8220;<\/span><b>White fat isn&#8217;t just an energy reserve: it functions as an endocrine organ<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">, releasing hormones and signals that regulate the metabolism. Something similar occurs with brown fat which, in addition to generating heat, seems to perform key endocrine functions, influencing the metabolism of distant organs&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 300;\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<h3><i><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Looking to the future: how do you think the way we research, understand and treat obesity will change over the coming years?<\/span><\/i><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;It&#8217;s important to remember that many of the drugs we use today are the result of discoveries made more than twenty years ago in basic research&#8221; says Guadalupe. &#8220;Without that prior knowledge, new treatments for obesity wouldn&#8217;t have been possible. <\/span><b>Basic research helps us to understand the mechanisms that cause the disease <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">and paves the way for more effective, safer therapies that are better adapted to each person. <\/span><b>Without it, we only treat the consequences. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">It&#8217;s the cornerstone of medicine: just as you can&#8217;t build a house without good foundations, we can&#8217;t neglect the basis on which scientific advances are built&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;Research is moving towards <\/span><b>more personalised medicine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\"> and this is key: people of the same weight can have very different metabolic states&#8221; explains Beatriz. &#8220;The big challenge today is to identify markers that indicate when adipose tissue is healthy and when it&#8217;s diseased&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">Only then, she concludes, &#8220;will we stop treating all patients the same and be able to approach weight from a scientific perspective: not as an obsession with losing kilos but as <\/span><b>a tool for better long-term health<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 300;\">&#8220;.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-13032\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-5-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-5-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-5-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-5-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-5-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CR_Articulo-peso__Blog-5-2048x1153.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>We ask the experts<\/em>, Guadalupe Sabio and Beatriz Cicu\u00e9ndez: How can we approach weight from a scientific view?<\/p>\n<p>A new year has begun and, with it, new (or renewed) resolutions. Perhaps to take up a new hobby? Join a gym? Go on a diet to lose a few kilos? In any case, it&#8217;s common for our weight to figure prominently in a lot of these proposals, as indeed it has in many headlines recently.<\/p>\n<p>Ozempic, Mounjaro, Wegovy&#8230; The emergence of new drugs that promise rapid, almost miraculous weight loss has once again placed weight at the centre of social debate, from the press to social media and everyday conversations. But what if we look beyond the number shown by the scales and take this issue to the lab?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[601,600],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12985","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research","category-science-outreach"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A scientific approach to weight - Blog CaixaCi\u00e8ncia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.caixaresearch.org\/en\/facing-the-scale-through-science\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A scientific approach to weight - Blog CaixaCi\u00e8ncia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"We ask the experts, Guadalupe Sabio and Beatriz Cicu\u00e9ndez: How can we approach weight from a scientific view? A new year has begun and, with it, new (or renewed) resolutions. Perhaps to take up a new hobby? Join a gym? Go on a diet to lose a few kilos? In any case, it&#8217;s common for our weight to figure prominently in a lot of these proposals, as indeed it has in many headlines recently. Ozempic, Mounjaro, Wegovy&#8230; The emergence of new drugs that promise rapid, almost miraculous weight loss has once again placed weight at the centre of social debate, from the press to social media and everyday conversations. 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